Writing essays about literature: 2020

Monday, August 24, 2020

Web Page Design Essay Example

Site page Design Essay Example Site page Design Essay Site page Design Essay Article Topic: Web Site page Design The Internet An enormous assortment of PCs everywhere throughout the world associated with each other by systems began in 1969 Began the web as a military research arrangement in 1969 Cold War was continuing during this time Government made a system that secured a huge geographic territory and could keep US Defense individuals in contact Network developed to incorporate researchers, schools, universities, organizations, and others Individuals doesn't mean open Network Created when 2+ PCs are associated together Network permits PCs to share assets, for example, printers and projects Intranet-a private system which associates all PCs inside an association Intranets are associated with the web whole framework, of arranged PCs internet part of the web The reason for the internet is to sort out assets Definitions server conveys site pages over the www and transferred as HTTP Web Server a web server is a PC that stores a page and makes the page accessible for individuals to see get to part of a web server utilizing a URL A site page is a report of the web A site is a lot of website pages HTML Hypertext Markup Language programming language that incorporated a lot of codes appended to content each page needs HTML code demonstrated which part of the page Web Browsers internet browsers assist you with moving starting with one html archive then onto the next Ways to Design a Webpage WYSvWG, for example, Adobe Dreamweaver . html or . tm can be the expansion Tags anything in are utilized to organize html reports used to spread out pages, content, shading, illustrations Containers hold message and have a beginning and closure label Text is generally between labels void tag doesn't hold or encompass content is line break-just needs one pecial codes to adjust the related tag settling fits things within one another Fonts and their Attributes faceÃ¢â‚¬ times new roman, dispatch Color by shading name Types of connections outer somebody elses server where things dwell inner your own server where things live email-connection to an email address picture-makes picture interactive in page -interfaces inside ofa page External Links Pepsi tag, hyperlink reference, quality, esteem in cites, url for site, content, shutting label Link Colors vlink interface Dreamweaver utilizes the div tag div is a holder permits you to give it a name/area ne of the most famous approaches to arrange pages on the web 2 normal used class and id without class and id the div tag doesn't work before this exister: compartment preformatted content Tables, Frames Dreamweaver and photoshop Dreamweaver can do a great deal of things for the web, shows designs effectively Dreamweaver cons-can't change pictures of make pictures total fundamental assignments, for example, crop, resample, light up, obscure, hone other programming is required for complex undertakings Photoshop in site page configuration build up a harsh format making header, standard, or footer Creating route menus, catches, tabs CCD-Charged-coupled gadget picture sensor, with incorporated circuit megapixel-trendy expression that mirrors the all out number of pixels that an advanced camera can produce per picture (width times stature). The number is normally gathered together for publicizing purposes. Picture altering adjusting, altering portions of or an entire pictures to address the issue of a group of people Common picture document types jpeg png bmp psD use with Photoshop and other adobe programs just Jpeg-utilized for an image taken on camera/cell phone, regularly utilized for photos gif-increasingly intended for illustrations and logos picture shading/modes-grayscale, RGB, CMYK Headers-Page headers are scaled down variants of the landing page that do numerous things that landing pages do headers give site personality and worldwide route, with search and different devices definite area can change from site to site the most noticeable segment of site character 1 . marking start by making realistic picture and other visual ideas that sum up the substance of your extraordinary result of administration 2. size-Your header picture shouldnt be too enormous or excessively little, progressively content-substantial, the littler the header ought to be 3. content-quickly imparted to si te guests. etermines the reason for the site. Formats in dreamweaver Why are layouts required? dont need to overhaul each time spare time association consistency Stock formats can be changed Templates can be downloaded CSS is utilized for coding formats, and DIVS are utilized Basics: Dreamweaver CS5 incorporates another assortment of designs Designed to function admirably in an assortment of Web programs These can be customized Fixed or fluid formats fixed designs are focused inside the program and set to a width of 960 pixels. Fluid formats are intended to extend and contract contingent upon the size of the program window. Little form of format is called thumbnail

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Alcohol Consumption and Consequences

Question: Talk about the Alcohol Consumption and Consequences. Answer: Presentation: Drinking is continually being considered as a standard in the field of social and the social in Australia and hard-core boozing was gone back for settling the occasions, when convicts in working were being compensated in rum. Most generally devoured mixed refreshments in Australia were spirits, at 1830s and approx 13.6 liters of unadulterated liquor were being devoured by the every individual yearly in NSW. The whole rum circulation in NSW prompted the taking over of the legislature in the history in Australia. This was later referred to b as the rum insubordination of 1808. Liquor is considered as one of the broadly expended thing among all gatherings and it is accessible at a wide range of parties and social occasions. On per capita size of 10.3 l of unadulterated liquor were devoured by every resident of Australia in consistently. Hard-core boozing in Australia is viewed as when men expend in excess of 5 beverages and 4 beverages devoured by ladies in around 2 hours (Mashhoon et al. 2014). Only one out of every odd gorge individuals are reliant on liquor. They are heavy drinkers and displays yearnings yet can pulled back themselves when there is no entrance to liquor. It could be expressed as the constant hitting the bottle hard is not quite the same as liquor addiction. Drunkards are the best term that fits gorge consumers yet incessant gorge consumer is not quite the same as intense liquor addiction. Way of life in Australia, never faces liquor mishandles yet serious liquor issues are being looked by the native advisory groups. These issues are the immediate issues and need to boycott liquor in whole Australia however it bombed in doing so yet wound up prohibiting in the native advisory groups as it were. The lawmakers were not keen on prohibiting of liquor in the whole Australia as they need to skip drinking too all things considered (Fritz et al. 2014). However, forbidding of alcohols inside the white social orders didn't happen yet offering it to the blacks in the natives indecencies the general public of the white and won hardly any votes in the whole procedure. The drawn out impacts of liquor can cause disturbance in the improvement in the cerebrum, harm in the liver alongside the cirrhosis, demise of the synapses with the diminishing variable in the mass of the mind, intestinal and stomach ulcer happens, the weight of the blood additionally increments and prompts the coronary illness, respiratory failure or even stroke. The creation in the male sperm diminishes all things considered. Levels of iron, nutrient B lets down causing paleness. Fetal alcoholic condition in the unborn youngsters additionally happens to a pregnant lady (Stote et al. 2016). Liquor is broadly utilized and recognized in Australian culture. It is served in different social and recreational conditions, and its utilization is in many cases invigorated (Kwon, Greenson and Conjeevaram 2014). While drinking liquor is as often as possible seen as typical for Australian culture, the impacts related with overconsumption don't simply affect the individual, also the more extensive national social event. In 2012, it was evaluated that Australians devoured through $14.1 billion reliably on liquor. Liquor is a key piece of Australian culture (White and Hingson 2014). Liquor anticipates a segment in festivities, a course of action of social exercises, releasing up, as a generator of cost pay and as an imperative wellspring of work and charges. A normal social staple among young people is to drink, particularly, to get inebriated. The principal impetuses behind Australia's drinking society are gotten from social traditions, inclinations, promoted pictures and ordinarines s. These variables can be upgraded by impacts identified with the social, physical and cash related trustworthiness of liquor (Baltazar et al. 2014). This is driven by showing and movement, cost, availability and age obstacles. There is no single variable credited to why individuals drink at these risky levels; anyway nonappearance of food, poor exercise, smoking, harming flourishing sharpens, unlawful medication use and amazing drinking all seem to add to a muddled structure of social determinants. Addictions can happen in numerous structures and effect everybody and anybody. It ought to be comprehended that the effect of fixation is acknowledged by family, family members and the general social occasion. Penchant impacts the well off and denied youthful and old, male and female, wedded and single. The arrangement, liquor and tobacco procedures are developed on the fellowship and watch out for the related subjects. The Government is obliged by a sentiment of regard to look out for the flourishing of people who are experiencing addictions, and their families. Foundation should clearly communicate that solutions are hurting to the individual, the family and the social event. The current methodology by powerful governments is sending assorted messages to the top tier time of Australians. In relationship with liquor, Australian Christians fortifies an assessment concerning the conceivable central purposes of developing the genuine drinking age to twenty-one and the heaviness of lock out times at settings where liquor is expended. Australian Christians supports the Drug and Alcohol Rehabilitation programs which obviously mean to liberate addicts from their reliance as opposed to keeping up them on different solutions for a mind-blowing term (Baltazar et al. 2013). Mixed refreshments over a wine outline are customarily related with fine eating up and impelled social nights. The Bible additionally has records of the use of wineat the Wedding Feast at Cana, at the Last Supper, and Paul's heading for Timothy to utilize a little wine for the help of a stomach related disease (1 Tim 5:23). All things considered, there might be some verbal experience with respect to the strategy for the wine ate up (created or unfermented) and whether in-taking of liquor is plainly illegal in the Bible, it is undeniable that intoxication and scattering are indisputably criticized in both the Old and New Testament (Sayal et al. 2014). For two or three years at this point, the healing calling, additionally, has offered beneficial outc ome to our liquor in-taking and taking care of on society via cautiously conceding that a glass of red wine a day could have help in improving cholesterol profiles and furthermore helps in secure against the danger of coronary illness. Standard society whose social checks are gotten together with formal glass-/bottle-/can approach to works out, addresses an authentic test like our dedication of care as educators and guards and what to teach about liquor. It very well may be initiated that Alcohol utilization is a crucial wellspring of eager torment, torment and mercilessness, and besides particular damage. The budgetary and social security bother compelled on the get-together is immense. It is recognized there is a to an extraordinary degree solid case for Christians for setting a case by picking to overlook drinking liquor. It would offer if the occasion of drinking liquor inadvertently urged others to take up drinking. Liquor is known to be an addictive medication and nobody knows starting at now whether they or their mates will to the progression for being the subordinate for liquor. Reference list: Baltazar, A., McBride, D.C., VanderWaal, C.J. furthermore, Conopio, K., 2016. Sex, Drugs and Alcohol: What Adventist College Students Say about the Role of Parents and Religion. Fritz, B.M., Cordero, K.A., Barkley?Levenson, A.M., Metten, P., Crabbe, J.C. furthermore, Boehm, S.L., 2014. Hereditary connection between inclination for gorge liquor utilization and blunted affectability to unfriendly impacts of liquor in mice. Liquor abuse: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(5), pp.1284-1292. Kwon, H.K., Greenson, J.K. what's more, Conjeevaram, H.S., 2014. Impact of lifetime liquor utilization on the histological seriousness of non?alcoholic greasy liver disease.Liver International,34(1), pp.129-135. Mashhoon, Y., Czerkawski, C., Crowley, D.J., Cohen?Gilbert, J.E., Sneider, J.T. what's more, Silveri, M.M., 2014. Gorge liquor utilization in rising grown-ups: front cingulate cortical slenderness is related with liquor use designs. Liquor addiction: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(7), pp.1955-1964. Sayal, K., Heron, J., Draper, E., Alati, R., Lewis, S.J., Fraser, R., Barrow, M., Golding, J., Emond, A., Smith, G.D. what's more, Gray, R., 2014. Pre-birth presentation to gorge example of liquor utilization: emotional well-being and learning results at age 11. European kid juvenile psychiatry, 23(10), pp.891-899. Sim, D.E.K., Hofstetter, C.R., Irvin, V.L., Ayers, J.W., Macera, C.A., Ji, M. what's more, Hovell, M.F., 2013. Do Christian divisions display higher paces of liquor utilization? An investigation of Korean American ladies in California. Diary of religion and wellbeing, 52(1), pp.285-298. Stote, K.S., Tracy, R.P., Taylor, P.R. what's more, Baer, D.J., 2016. The impact of moderate liquor utilization on biomarkers of irritation and hemostatic factors in postmenopausal women.European diary of clinical nutrition,70(4), pp.470-474. White, A. also, Hingson, R., 2014. The weight of liquor use: Excessive liquor utilization and related results among undergrads. Liquor inquire about: current surveys, 35(2), p.201.

Tuesday, July 21, 2020

Meet The Faceless Old Woman at Book Riot Live

Meet The Faceless Old Woman at Book Riot Live Welcome to Night Vale fans, rejoice! Mara Wilson is joining the line-up at Book Riot Live. via GIPHY If youre not a Night Vale resident, you might also know Wilson as a former child-actor, current storyteller, Tweeter extraordinaire, and soon-to-be author of the memoir Where Am I Now? (coming in September of 2016). Tackling everything from what she learned about sex on the set of Melrose Place, to discovering in adolescence that she was no longer â€œcuteâ€ enough for Hollywood, her essay collection charts her journey from accidental fame to relative (but happy) obscurity. Cant wait to see her speak but dont have your ticket yet? Get $20 off with code BOOKNERD. Subscribe to Events to receive news and announcements about sitewide events, including daylong and weeklong bookish celebrations, as well as announcements of our Best Of and Anticipated books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Commercial Banks Finance The Industrial Sector - 947 Words

There is acute shortage of capital and led People lack initiative and enterprise. Means of transport are undeveloped and Industry is also depressed. Keeping this in view, commercial banks play a major role by lending hand in overcoming these obstacles and promoting economic development Promoting Banks Capital Formation: Engaged in raising financial resources and encourage savings by offering various types of incentives and benefits to the investors. They expand branches of the banks in urban and rural areas and mobilize savings even at far of places. Investment in New Initiatives: Entrepreneurs generally vacillate to invest in risky areas. Therefore, banks provide short-term and long term loans to entrepreneurs and investorsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦This has led to increased demand for industrial goods and expansion of industry. The commercial banks help the large agricultural sector in developing countries in a number of ways. They provide loans to traders in agricultural commodities. They open a network of branches in rural areas to provide agricultural credit. They provide finance directly to agriculturists for the marketing of their produce, for the modernisation and mechanisation of their farms, for providing irrigation facilities, for developing land, etc. They also provide financial assistance for animal husbandry, dairy farming, sheep breeding, poultry farming, pisci-culture and horticulture. The small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural workers, artisans and petty shopkeepers in rural areas are provided financial assistance through the regional rural banks in India. These regional rural banks operate under a commercial bank. Thus the commercial banks meet the credit requirements of all types of rural people. Balanced Development of Different Regions: Commercial banks involve in providing support to the developing regions of a country by obtaining sufficient deposits or funds from the developed regions within the same country. This leads to the industrialists and small business men in the developing regions in accessing the funds which will cater their business need to achieve desired goals. Influencing Economic Activity: Two major activities availability of Credit and theShow MoreRelatedRole of Commercial Bank in Economic Development in India1737 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesdevelopment. Commercial banks have played a critical role in the economic development of a country. Now a dayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s commercial banks are important not just from the point of view of economic growth, but also financial stability. In emerging economies, commercial banks are special for three important reasons. First, they take a leading role in developing other financial intermediaries and markets. Second, due to the absence of well-developed equity and bond markets, the corporate sector depends heavilyRead MoreReview Of Previous Empirical Literature1557 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesfinancial system of Bangladesh is comprised of three broad split sectors: 1. Formal Sector, 2. Semi-Formal Sector, 3. Informal Sector. Explanations are given below;- Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Formal sector: Financial market and Regulators Institution are jointly acted as formal sector of Bangladesh. The financial market in Bangladesh has following some types of steps. Those are given below; Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Money market: The primary money market is comprised of banks, FIs and primary dealers as mediators and savings lending instrumentsRead MoreNigeria, The Most Populous African Country, With Enormous1518 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagespassing through the transformation of the agricultural sector. The reason is simple. Agriculture provides the basic raw materials needed for industrial development. Food accounts for the highest share of consumer price index and providing cheap food is critical for taming inflation. When inflation is low, interest rates decline and it brings greater private sector investments. A more productive, efficient and competitive agriculture sector is critical for boosting rural economies, where majorityRead MoreRole Of Infrastructure And Rural Development1243 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesbetween financial development and economic growth has been under debate for a long time, despite there being evidences of financial and banking sector devolvement playing an important role in economic development the evidences from within the developing economies is rather mixed. Literature Review Economists hold different opinions regarding the role of finance in economic growth and development. The question of whether or not financial development affects economic activity has attracted a lot of attentionRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Practices805 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesManagement (CRM) practices in Janata Bank Limited (JBL).Information added to this research paper largely based on selected Questionnaire and annual report of Janata Bank 2014. Every branch of Janata Bank boldly stands by the objective of Janata Bank to accomplish it. The objective of JBL is to become the largest commercial bank in Bangladesh by playing significant roles in the banking sector as well as, in the National economy. According to annual report of Janata Bank 2014, 7.60 percent of total depositRead MoreRole of Financial Institutions and the Central Bank in Kenya1905 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pagesdevelopment of Kenya: a) Kenya Industrial Estates: Kenya Industrial Estates (KIE) Limited was established in 1967 as a subsidiary of Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC) with a major role of promoting indigenous entrepreneurship by financing and developing small scale and micro enterprises. KIE Limited was established to facilitate development and incubation of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) countrywide by establishing industrial parks, providing credit and businessRead MoreFactors Affecting the Demand and Growth of the Auto Sector in India1059 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesFactors affecting the demand and growth of the auto sector in India The automotive sector is one of the core industries of the Indian economy. Indian GovernmentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s impetus to the industry by allowing continuous economic liberalization since 1991 has made India one of the sought after destination for many global automotive players. The automotive sector in India is growing at around 18 per cent per annum. Indian Auto industry has seen a phenomenal growth in the last 20 years. This is due to theRead MoreBenefits Of Credit From Multiple Lenders1148 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesborrowing from a single bank can eliminate the information disclosure that occurs when the firm borrows from multiple banks, it results in the firmÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s competitors to infer that the firm is hiding information and react accordingly (Yosha, 1995). Detragiache et al (2000) provide a basic principle for a firm to look for multiple lenders by considering the cost incurred when it is denied credit by its bank for reasons. As an illustration, a temporary liquidity shortage leads the bank to be forced to denyRead MorePriority Sector Lending2487 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 PagesPRIORITY SECTOR LENDING Some areas or fields in a country depending on its economic condition or government interest are prioritized and are called priority sectors i.e. industry, agriculture. These may further be sub divided. Banks are directed by the state bank of the country that loans must be given on reduced interest rates with discounts to promote these fields. Such lending is called priority sector lending. The different segments of the priority sector are as follows: 1.Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Agriculture 2Read MoreFinancial Sectors Of The Indian Economy Essay1768 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pages1.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE Financial sectors all over the world is going through the process of transformation such as, liberalization, technological innovations and deregulation. The evolving financial system in India has been interlinked with the growth of the macro economics. This change allows financial institutions to bring in assortment of new product and services into the economy. Financial institutions play a prominent role in stimulating the economic growth in a country, they help to mobilize

Thursday, May 7, 2020

British Airlines and Air India - 1948 Words

India and the UK have a great deal in common. Right from our Parliamentary system of democracy to our judicial system, our bureaucracy to now, the common travails of our flag carriers, British Airways (BA) and Air India (AI). BA, according to its chief executive, Willie Walsh, is in a Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfight for survivalÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ much like our own AI. As with the latter, BA has a bloated workforce, awful finances, a huge debt, all problems that characterize AI as well. And, in an uncanny parallel, AIÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s latest offer of unpaid leave to its staff mirrors a similar offer made earlier by BA. But there the comparison ends. BA is no longer state-owned, having been privatised back in 1987. AI, in contrast, is 100% state-owned. And that says it all British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom and its biggest airline based on fleet size, international flights and international destinations. When measured by passengers carried it is second-largest, behind easy Jet. The airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. A British Airways Board was established by the United Kingdom government in 1972 to manage the two nationalized airline corporations, British Overseas Airways Corporation and British European Airways, and two smaller, regional airlines, Cambrian Airways, from Cardiff, and Northeast Airlines, from Newcastle upon Tyne. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were combined to form British Airways. After almost 13 years as a state company, BritishShow MoreRelatedSWOT analysis of LOT AIRLINES Essay1647 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesWorld Connect Airlines Distribution Strategy November 2nd to 4th 2011 Hotel Fairmont Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Raffles Singapore Program May 25th 2011 Supported by: www.apg-ga.com Held in: The Network for Airline Services Dear Airline Commercial Executives, We invite you to attend the 2011 APG WORLD CONNECT conference, as our guests, to be held this year in Singapore, November 2nd to 4th at the famous Fairmont/Raffles Hotel. This yearÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s gathering will be geared to you, our clientele, andRead MoreStrategy Analysis : Apples Strategy991 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesbusiness. British Overseas Airlines Corporation (BOAC), British European Airlines (BEA) (two big British airlines) and two minor airlines merged together to form British Airways (BA) in around 1974. BA privatized in 1987 and sold its shares in London Stock Exchange. British Airways is a noteworthy customer of Boeing and Airbus. Since then, they have expanded a lot by increasing its destinations and routes. As mentioned on British AirwaysÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ website, Ã¢â‚¬Å"British Airways is a full service global airline, offeringRead MoreHistory of British Airways3844 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 16 PagesHistory: British Airways PLC is the largest international airline in the world. It is based at Heathrow Airport in London, the busiest international airport in the world, and has a global flight network through such partners as USAir in the United States, Qantas in Australia, and TAT European Airlines in France. Via its own operations and those of its alliance partners, British Airways serves 95 million passengers a year using 441 airports in 86 countries and more than 1,000 planes. British AirwaysRead MorePestal Analysis of Airline Industry in India1969 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesCompany Chosen: British Airways Existing Line of Business: Aviation New Market: Indian Aviation Industry British Airways Future Indian Plans: British Airways global CEO Willie Walsh finds India to be one of the fastest growing aviation markets in the world. Walsh, who was in Mumbai on September 3rd, 2010 to announce a code-share agreement with Kingfisher Airlines, says that despite the airline facing mounting competition from other international carriers operating in India, he is not worriedRead MoreHow To A Visit To Delhi Essay806 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesthe party hub of India. The city is connected to all the major cities of India as well as the world. If you are looking for a wonderful trip, be prepared for a welcoming ride to the heart of India. The city which is ready to party the entire night is also known for its rich past. This is one such place in India where the past and the present blend together. It was the British who moved their capital from Calcutta Ã¢â‚¬â€œ now Kolkata Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to Delhi. And ever since, it is the capital of India. Divided in twoRead MoreEffect of Oil Prices on Airlines Industry6167 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 25 PagesInternational Oil Inflation Airlines Industry Prepared for Prof. Mahima Sharma Faculty Member Jaipuria Institute of Management Prepared by Shailesh Bharadwaj (cft07_128) Sanjeev Prasad (cft07_130) Sarita Singh (cft07_131) Saurabh Bansal (cft07_135) Shashank Anand ( cft07_138) Students, PGDM- Trimester-4 July 31, 2008 INTRODUCTION This report has been made to draw the attention of the people how the aviation industry has been dependent upon the Oil prices. Since the researchRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Airline Industry2262 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 PagesIntroduction 1 This essay will assess how globalisation has impacted on the airline industry using British Airways as an example to illustrate this change had on the industry as a whole. This essay will attempt to show how the airline industry and British Airways in particular coped with thesee change and how neoliberalism thinking allowed and supported this fundamental change to happen. Critical analysis of external and internal environment using strategy tools has also been considered. This essayRead More virgin atlantic Essay2717 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 Pagescharter flights to operate in domestic market. Today in the year 2000 we saw the code sharing agreement between Air India and Virgin Atlantic Airlines for the DEL- LON sector. During the last nine months there has been fare wars, value added services, alliances etc. Suddenly there seems some action in the Aviation Industry, where Virgin has acted as a lubricator. There are many other airlines, in bid of competition increasing their capacities or increase their flights for the same route. IntroductionRead MoreVirgin Atlantic2789 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 12 Pagescharter flights to operate in domestic market. Today in the year 2000 we saw the code sharing agreement between Air India and Virgin Atlantic Airlines for the DEL- LON sector. During the last nine months there has been fare wars, value added services, alliances etc. Suddenly there seems some action in the Aviation Industry, where Virgin has acted as a lubricator. There are many other airlines, in bid of competition increasing their capacities or increase their flights for the same route. Introduction Read MoreMarket Entry Strategy: Easy Jet in India Essay example7730 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 31 Pages(Moderate - High) 21 9.2.4 Threat of Substitutes (Low Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Moderate) 22 9.2.5 Rivalry within the industry (High) 23 9.3 Competitor Analysis 23 9.3.1 Air India 24 9.3.2 Kingfisher Airlines 24 9.3.3 Jet Airways 25 9.3.4 Ryanair 25 10 REFERENCES 27 INTRODUCTION Ã¢â‚¬â€œ THE COMPANY AN OVERVIEW Easyjet is a british owned airline founded in 1995 by Stelious Haji-loannou. They are a low cost carrier across Europe operating a fleet of 110 airbus aircrafts. Easyjet are looking at opportunities

British Airlines and Air India - 1948 Words

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

History of the Ashanti Kingdom Free Essays

Otumfuo Opoku Ware II from 1970-1999. The Asante kingdom was founded by the great King Osei Tutu in the eighteenth century. His fetish priest was Okomfo Anokye, who unified the Asante states through allegiance to the Golden Stool, which miraculously descended from heaven. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Ashanti Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Okomfo Anokye planted two trees in the forest and predicted that one tree would live and become the capital of Ashanti. Hence is derived the name Kumasi (the tree lived); the place in which the other tree was planted became Kumawu (the tree died). Although located in the heart of the forest, Asante dominion was extended by military action and political skill towards the European occupied castles on the coast to the south, and also into the dry savannah lands to the north. This led to various wars with Britain. Kumasi was captured by the British Army in 1873 (as a result of which much of the magnificent Asante gold regalia can be seen in Londo n in the British Museum). After a final uprising in 1901, led by the Queen Mother of Ejisu (Yaa Asantewaa) Asante came into British Protection and finally became a region of the Gold Coast colony. In 1957, after a period of internal self-government, the Gold Coast becam e the first African colony to achieve independence under the charismatic leadership of Kwame Nkrumah. Kumasi Getting to the end of the 17th century Anokye Komfuo planted three Ã¢â‚¬Å"KUMÃ¢â‚¬ trees at different places. One at Kwaaman ruled by the Nananomayokofuo , a second one at Apemso-Bankofo ruled by Nananomaduanafuo and a third a village near Fomena and Amoafo called Oboani ruled by Nananomekuonafuo. The Kum tree at Kwaaman flourished and became a very big tree under which the King and his people often sat and so Kwaaman became Kum-ase meaning under Kum. The tree at Oboani was however very tiny and for no apparent reason was relatively short. According to oral tradition this small tree however produced a couple of other trees which were all small in size. The name of the village was changed to Kuma meaning small KUM. The Kum tree at Apemso-Bankofo did not grow at all. After some few weeks the leaves got rotten and the tree fell down and so it was said that the Kum tree has died or the Kum tree was dead and so the village became Kum-awu and this later chnaged to become Kumawu. How to cite History of the Ashanti Kingdom, Essay examples

Sunday, April 26, 2020

The American Colonists Rebelled Because They Had Been Denied Their Rig

The American colonists rebelled because they had been denied their rights Many events helped cause the American Revolution. It was a terrible war between the colonies of America and the country of England. The three most important events that led up to, and caused it, were the Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party, and The Stamp Act. The Boston Massacre was an encounter on March 5, 1770, that was five years before the American Revolution between British troops and a group of citizens of Boston that were then in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. British troops were quartered in the city to discourage demonstrations of American revolutionists who were protesting the Townshend Acts, a tax on imports to the colonies. As a result of constant harassment by the citizens, a squad of British soldiers that had been struck by snow and ice balls with rocks inside thrown during a demonstration, fired into the crowd, killing five men. The eight soldiers and their commanding officer were tried for murder and were defended by John Adams, later president of the United States, and Josiah Quincy. Two of the soldiers were declared guilty of manslaughter, and the others, including the officer, were acquitted. The incident was skillfully exploited by the American patriot Samuel Adams to create anti-British sentiment in the colonies. After the incident the patriots of Massachusetts Bay were more and more agitated by the soldiers. They weren't going to take much more. The Boston Tea Party was an event that took place on December 16, 1773, by a group of Boston citizens to protest the British tax on tea imported to the colonies. Although most provisions of the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament, the duty on tea was retained to demonstrate the power of Parliament to tax the colonies. The citizens of Boston would not permit the unloading of three British ships that arrived in Boston in November 1773 with 342 chests of tea. The royal governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, however, would not allow the tea ships to return to England until the duty had been paid. On the evening of December 16, a group of Bostonians, instigated by the American patriot Samuel Adams and disguised as Indians, boarded the vessels and emptied the tea into Boston Harbor. When the government of Boston refused to pay for the tea, the British closed the port. The acts by the British with the tea provoked Bostonians. Because of this they were pushed too far. After wha t happened with the Boston Massacre, the Patriots wanted something that could push them over the edge to start the Revolution and with the taxes this moved them a few steps closer. This should have taught the British a lesson, but it didn't. The Stamp Act was an act introduced by the British Prime Minister George Grenville and passed by the British Parliament in 1765 as means of raising revenue in the American colonies. It required all legal documents, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards to carry a tax stamp. The act extended to the colonies the system of stamp duties then employed in Great Britain and was intended to raise money to lower the cost of maintaining the military defenses of the colonies. Passed without debate, it aroused widespread opposition among the colonists, who argued that because they were not represented in Parliament, they could not legally be taxed without their consent. The Stamp Act was the one that pushed the colonies over the edge. Although The Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and Stamp Act were only three events that helped cause The American Revolution, they were major. Without them there might not have been a Revolution. Let's hope nothing like The American Revolution ever happens again, and no country puts stupid taxes on any other country.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Commanders of the Army of the Potomac essays

Commanders of the Army of the Potomac essays In his civil war book Commanders of the Army of the Potomac Warren Hassler Jr. fantastically recounts the events that transpired between 1861 to 1865 during which seven men were given the reigns of the North's Army of the Potomac and asked to lead the Union to victory. However, one of the greatest commanders in history stood in their way; Robert E. Lee, and each was pitted against this great general one by one and given the chance to make history. The first, Irvin McDowell was regarded in this book as a great soldier in his own right but a terrible leader who displayed visible gaps in his preparedness, in his tactics, and in his strategy. He was the first to take control of the northern army. Not much later towards the end of May of 1861 General Lee established a defensive hold along the small stream of Bull Run located in Manassas. During the Battle of Bull Run McDowell was crushed by Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre Beauregard due to weak planning and it b ecame apparent that this in fact would not be a short-lived war. Next up was the most popular and perhaps the greatest of the commanders, George B. McClellan. After the embarrassing defeats at Bull Run he masterfully regrouped and disciplined the AOP as he himself showed outstanding military presence and was constantly increasing his knowledge of offensive tactics. From spring of 1862 till July of that year General McClellan was successful in driving the Confederates out of West Virginia and he was inching toward the southern capitol of Richmond when General Jeb Stuart under Lee encircled and outmaneuvered McClellan's forces who were driven back and finally held at Malvern Hill during the Seven Days Battle. During this time period there was some shifting of control and the AOP was put into the arms of General John Pope. This book regards Pope as one of the most pathetic leaders of the Civil War as he screwed up and changed his ways during the second ...

Monday, March 2, 2020

Current System of US Presidential Succession

Current System of US Presidential Succession The presidential line succession refers to the manner in which various federal government officials assume the office of President of the United States leaves office before an elected successor is inaugurated. Should the president die, resign or be removed from office by impeachment, the Vice President of the United States becomes president for the rest of the former presidentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s term. Should the vice president be unable to serve, the next official in the line of succession acts as president. The US Congress has wrestled with the issue of presidential succession throughout the nations history. Why? Well, between 1901 and 1974, five vice presidents have taken over the top office due to four presidential deaths and one resignation. In fact, between the years 1841 to 1975, more than one-third of all U.S. presidents have either died in office, resigned, or become disabled. Seven vice presidents have died in office and two have resigned resulting in a total of 37 years during which the office of vice president was completely vacant. ThePresidential SuccessionSystem Our current method of presidential succession takes its authority from: The 20th Amendment (Article II, Section 1, Clause 6)The 25th AmendmentThe Presidential Succession Law of 1947 President and Vice President The 20th and 25th Amendments establish procedures and requirements for the vice president to assume the duties and powers of the president if the president becomes permanently or temporarily disabled.In the event of the presidents temporary disability, the vice president serves as president until the president recovers. The president may declare the beginning and end of his or her own disability. But, if the president is unable to communicate, the vice president and a majority of the presidents Cabinet, or ...other body as Congress may by law provide... may determine the presidents state of disability.Should the presidents ability to serve be disputed, Congress decides. They must, within 21 days, and by a two-thirds vote of each chamber, determine whether the president is able to serve or not. Until they do, the vice president acts as president.The 25th Amendment also provides a method for filling a vacated office of the vice president. The president must nominate a new vice presiden t, who must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses of Congress. Ã‚ Until ratification of the 25th Amendment, the Constitution provided that only the duties, rather than the actual title as president should be transferred to the vice president.In OctoberÃ‚ 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and President Richard Nixon nominated Gerald R. Ford to fill the office. in AugustÃ‚ 1974 President Nixon resigned, Vice President Ford became president and nominated Nelson Rockefeller as the new vice president. Although the circumstances that caused them were, shall we say, distasteful, the transfers of vice presidential power went smoothly and with little or no controversy. Beyond the President and Vice President The Presidential Succession Law of 1947 addressed the simultaneous disability of both the president and vice president. Under this law, here are the offices and current office holders who would become president should both the president and vice president be disabled. Remember, to assume the presidency, a person must also meet all the legal requirements to serve as president. The order of presidential succession, along with the person who would currently become president, is as follows:1. Vice President of the United StatesÃ‚ Mike Pence 2. Speaker of the House of RepresentativesÃ‚ Ã‚ Paul Ryan 3.Ã‚ President pro tempore of the Senate Ã‚ Orrin Hatch Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, President Harry S. Truman suggested that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be moved ahead of Cabinet members in the line of succession in order to ensure that the president would never be able to appoint his potential successor. Ã‚ Both the Secretary of State and other Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected by the people. The members of the House of Representatives choose the Speaker of the House. Similarly, the President pro tempore is chosen by the Senate. While it is not a requirement, both the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore are traditionally members of the party holding the majority in their particular chamber. Congress approved the change and moved the Speaker and President pro tempore ahead of the Cabinet secretaries in the order of succession. The secretaries of the presidents Cabinet now fill out the balance of the order of presidential succession:4.Ã‚ Secretary of StateÃ‚ Ã‚ Mike Pompeo5. Secretary of the Treasury Ã‚ Steven Mnuchin6. Secretary of Defense Gen.Ã‚ James Mattis7. Attorney General Ã‚ Acting Attorney General Matthew G. Whitaker8. Secretary of the Interior Ã‚ Ryan Zinke9. Secretary of Agriculture Ã‚ Sonny Perdue10. Secretary of Commerce Ã‚ Wilbur Ross11. Secretary of Labor Ã‚ Alex Acosta12. Secretary of Health Human Services Ã‚ Alex Azar13. Secretary of Housing Urban Development Dr.Ã‚ Ben Carson14. Secretary of Transportation Ã‚ Elaine Chao15. Secretary of Energy Ã‚ Rick Perry16. Secretary of Education Ã‚ Betsy DeVos17. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ã‚ Robert Wilkie18. Secretary of Homeland Security Ã‚ Kirstjen M. Nielsen Presidents Who Assumed Office by Succession Chester A. ArthurCalvin CoolidgeMillard FillmoreGerald R. Ford *Andrew JohnsonLyndon B. JohnsonTheodore RooseveltHarry S. TrumanJohn Tyler * Gerald R. Ford assumed the office after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon. All others took office due to the death of their predecessor. Presidents Who Servedbut Were Never Elected Chester A. ArthurMillard FillmoreGerald R. FordAndrew JohnsonJohn TylerPresidents Who Had No Vice President * Chester A. ArthurMillard FillmoreAndrew JohnsonJohn Tyler* The 25th Amendment now requires presidents to nominate a new vice president.

Saturday, February 15, 2020

Forces and Trends in Chocolate Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forces and Trends in Chocolate Industry - Essay Example Population Growth Like any other industry, the chocolate industry is driven by population growth. For the chocolate industry, this population growth occurs in one crucial way. This is owed to the fact that the elderly age group is anticipated to triple by 2015 (Silva and Simoes, 2010). Consequently, players in the chocolate industry must come up with inventive products that satisfy the needs of this generation. As mentioned earlier, Hershey Chocolates Company has already reacted by coming up with the Kisses dark chocolate. This product is associated with low cholesterol values and numerous antioxidants. Consequently, the product is tailor-made for the baby boomer generation. Supplier Power This refers to the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability to operate regardless of the prevailing suppliers in the industry. It is necessary to note that the primary raw materials in the production of chocolates are cocoa bean, milk and secondary sugar. Therefore, with regard to the production of sugar and milk, there exist numerous suppliers in the market. Thus, supplier power in regards to these two products is limited. On the other hand, the supply of the cocoa beans is limited to only a few suppliers in the industry. This implies that the supplier power of the cocoa bean firms is extremely high. Therefore, the chocolate producing firms such as Hershey Chocolates Company must come up with effective ways of lowering the supplier power of these companies in order to remain competitive in the industry. Consequently, Hershey Chocolates Company has reacted to this challenge in the following ways: Research on alternative ingredient formulation Optimizing current cocoa production Research on Alternative Ingredient Formulation... The researcher focuses on the effects of economic recession, that today usually refer to a spell in the business cycle where there exists a contraction or slowdown in business activity. Consequently, economic recession impacts negatively on businesses. This implies that, for Hershey Chocolates Company to succeed it has to effectively wither the economic recession. Consequently, these products have given the company a competitive advantage over similar firms in the industry. However, the industry also faces stiff competition from other substitute products such as ordinary candy and cookies. Other non-chocolate snacks such as fruits, ice cream and yoghurt also pose a challenge to the industry. Health concerns are continually taking a toll on the chocolate industry with consumers insisting on consumption of healthy diets. Consequently, industry players like the Hershey Chocolates Company must develop increased premium products in order to penetrate into the consumer market. The products must be sensitive to the health and ethical issues so as to win a share of the crowded market in the industry. With regards to rivalry with other similar companies, market growth of around 20 percent annually, together with its unique products cushions the company from the stiff competition it would have to face. Therefore, the chocolates industry experiences various forces and trends. Thus, it can be concluded that Hershey Chocolates Company must employ strategic measures in order to maintain profitability in the fragmented market system.

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Literary analysis of antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary analysis of antigone - Essay Example Another theme depicted is the two types of law and justice which are the divine laws and the laws of men. The determination of the characters was also portrayed in Antigone, Creon and Ismene. A social drama was also presented regarding the issues of gender and the law. The issue of mortality is another theme in this trilogy, as shown in the suicides of Antigone, Haemon and Eurydice. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and niece of Creon and the fiance of Haemon. She is the protagonist and tragic heroine in this play. Her character exemplifies one of fierce devotion to her family and loyalty to the gods. She buries her brother, Polyneices thereby disobeying CreonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s order. Her hamartia or tragic flaw in her character is her stubborn loyalty to her family and the gods that brings her to her tragic death. AntigoneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s character is also a symbol of the feminine revolt. Despite IsmeneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s explanation that they are just women and therefore should not go against men, Antigon e still insisted in burying Polyneices. Creon is the king of Thebes and the uncle of Antigone. Creon is the absolute tyrant and the antagonist in the play. He favors the rational laws of man as opposed to the laws of the gods. His hamartia or tragic error is his stubborn allegiance to the laws of man. His hubris or pride is also a flaw in his character.

Saturday, January 25, 2020

An Argument Against the Death Penalty :: Death Penalty Argumentative Persuasive Papers

An eyewitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a death penalty sentence being carried out: "The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans' body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead." It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, "Facing the Death Penalty"). Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have taken place as a punishment for crime. In 1976, the United States reinstated the death penalty after having revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it "violated the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment" (MacKinnon, "Ethics" 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the death penalty cannot be morally justified on the basic grounds that killing a human being as a form of punishment is wrong. A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes - specifically, murder. However, this argument requires that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, "those who commit violent crimes often do so in moments of passion, rage and fear - times when irrationality reigns" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 107). Whether or not a murder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to question how supportive an argument of deterrence can be. In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, "Not one of those countries has capital punishment for peacetime crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder rate less than half that of the United States" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 110). The Information Series on capital punishment also says that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 show that "In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate is.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Global Warming and Geomorphology Essay

In his article Ã¢â‚¬Å"Global Warming and GeomorphologyÃ¢â‚¬ , David K. C. Jones attempts to distinguish between the doom and gloom predictions surrounding and offer a more realistic approach to the effects that climate change will have on the geological and biosphere aspects of the planet and specifically on the British Isles. Climate fluctuation based on the presence of so-called greenhouse gases has been occurring for most of the last geological period. At issue, however, are several factors that have not been considered in previous periods of rapid climate change including the impact of humanity on greenhouse gases and humanityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s knowledge of its impact (Jones, 124). This knowledge of humanityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s impact on geomorphology can be used for either gain in the coming global change or can be used to incite doomsday predictions. Jones theorizes that geomorphologic change may have happened this rapidly in the British Isles at the end of the last ice age, but that since humanity was not aware of it or could simply respond to the changes as they happened, modern man may have an advantage to protect his environment. The problem with the knowledge that humanity has affected global climate change is that it also points out how much we do not know. The author discusses this in terms of regionalization, the idea that some global effects of climate change will only affect certain regions. The effects he identified as potentials were: (i) The likelihood of catastrophic outcomes; (ii) The potential distribution of Ã¢â‚¬ËœwinnersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and Ã¢â‚¬ËœlosersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ within an economy, both over space and through time; (iii) Whether winners and losers can be reliably identified through improved modeling in sufficient time to allow effective policy formulation; (iv) Evaluation of the costs and benefits of climatic change prevention compared with those generated by responding to changed climate through adjustment; and (v) Evaluation of the costs of attempting to maintain the status quo compared with managed adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Ã¢â‚¬ (Jones, 126) In essence, Jones begin his argument by saying that it is the socio-economic factors of global warming which might be more devastating to humanity than the actual physical changes on the planet. Much ado, he says, has been made about the effect the rising of the mean sea level on the planet could have in areas such as Bangladesh, where 9 percent of the population would be affected by a rising sea level, creating millions of climate refugees or in Egypt, where the nation could lose as much as 15 percent of its farmland to rising water (Jones, 127). None of these factors threatens the existence of humanity, but they do threaten life as we know it. Changes in weather patterns, top soil erosion and rainfall could have enormous effects on agricultural production, for instance, which may have a major effect on the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economy, but it is unlikely to have such a far-reaching effect as to produce global food shortages. Jones does not completely negate the idea that humanity could face dire consequences associated with global climate change, but he does argue that they are more likely to be economic than physical. (127). However, Jones also argues that the ability to predict the impact of global warming on geomorphology and the biosphere is somewhat limited. Specifically, he claims that: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Predicting changes in the atmospheric composition of greenhouse gases remains problematic because of uncertainty as to existing sources, pathways, fluxes and stores of the various gases involved, combined with difficulties of estimating future patterns of human inputs (Houghton et al. , 1990, 1992; DOE, 1991; Wigley and Raper, 1992) ; 2 Climate is the great integrator and, therefore, reflects a huge range of influences, both global and extra-terrestrial, some natural others human-induced, working at varying temporal and spatial scales. Both identifying and predicting the influences of greenhouse gases are, therefore, extremely difficult; 3 The relationship between greenhouse gases and climatic parameters is not simple because of both positive and negative feedback mechanisms, step-wise changes resulting from the existence of threshold conditions, synergies, and the complex influence of the oceans and their circulation patterns ; 4 Predicting change remains hampered by lack of knowledge regarding system parameters (e. g. ocean-atmosphere coupling) and the awesome magnitude of the computing task required by the most sophisticated models. Ã¢â‚¬ (Jones, 126-127) Perhaps the most important part of the thesis that Jones is trying to make is that once we have accepted that global warming is affected by human action, we must therefore accept that we can affect how significant that climate change will be. Specifically, Jones talks about the potential impact of actions taken to mitigate global warming including attempts to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and actions taken with regard to soil shift which is likely to occur rapidly during the temperature increase. Efforts to discuss beach erosion, cliff erosion and affects on deltas and coral islands should emphasize what actions can be taken to lessen the effect of rising ocean levels. Any action then taken to attempt to control these forces of natures will have a substantial effect on the outcome related to those climate changes. The first thing I noticed about this article is that it was published nearly 15 years ago, making some of its basic assumptions rather obsolete. For example, Jones discusses the massive computer power needed to perform the complex projections related to weather patterns and global warming. While it is possible that this limitation was considered a severe one in 1993, the rapid expansion of computer processing power means that more recent looks at global warming can attempt to analyze weather-related data and infer probability based on those history patterns. Furthermore, the computer models can be very detailed and discuss specific projected ocean levels in individual cities or nations and over a specific time frame. No longer is it just a cataclysmic claim that the sea levels will rise, but it is a specific claim regarding how much water will be where. The second thing I noticed about this article was that it was published in the midst of some of the worst flooding in modern United States history, the great flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River. Flood levels that year reached beyond the 100-year-floodplain and ignited questions about the effects of changing weather patterns on agriculture and population centers in the central United States. Since then, we have seen major flooding along several major rivers in the United States including the Rio Grande, the Missouri River and the Ohio River, while at the same time seeing the Colorado River suffer from enormous drought conditions, creating a lack of potable water for major western American cities. On the British Isles, we recently observed massive flooding along the Thames River and associated death and destruction. Already, just 15 years after JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ article, we are seeing the effects of global warming as weather patterns shift causing record heat waves in Europe, killing hundreds, and shifts in the American food producing states where rain seems to come at inappropriate times or inappropriate amounts. Next, I began to consider JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ theory that massive global climate change is primarily concerning most people because of the economic shifts it will likely cause. If several countries see their major crops begin to die out because of a climate shift, will we see the food production belts shift further northward and further southward from the equator? And, what effect will this have on the habitable portions of the world? As additional areas of the world become classified as tropical and subtropical, what will be the effect on population patterns? Will regions now largely devoted to population centers need to give the land back to agrarian tasks? Already we are seeing the effects of the global climate shift in India and Pakistan. India with about 1 billion people does not have the ecological resources to support its population, including, but not limited to, clean water. This contributes to the political instability of the region as Pakistan and other Indian neighbors face regular mass immigration from India. These massive population shifts are causing or contributing to political strife worldwide. Likewise, as food production suffers because populations are no longer nomadic and able to follow the seasons to appropriate growing conditions, it seems likely that increased international strife will develop over the supply of natural resources ranging from deciduous trees to natural grains. Further impacting this is a move to biofuels as an attempt to curb the production of greenhouse gases. So far, we have been able to observe that the high demand for grains and sugar cane to be converted in to ethanol and other biofuels has begun to drive up the cost of food stuffs on an international basis. As some point, the system will break and people will demand that they be able to afford to eat. Perhaps the most interesting portion of JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ article is his claim that the doomsday predictions are overblown and that climate change is not necessarily a cataclysmic event. Though it is unlikely that human-induced climate change will be the cause of an extinction event, it appears more likely that the economic and political strife caused by the climate change may cause severe population reducing events including limited warfare or extinction events such as a nuclear confrontation. Given the recent receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize to American Albert Gore Jr. for his work on informing the public about global warming, the lessons of JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ article are particularly timely. His advice that a plan for mitigating the effects of global warming needs to be developed and implemented beginning in the 1990s and extending to 2050 is very well received. The only tragedy is that this advice was soundly ignored for the first decade after he gave it and real attention to global warming has only come in recent years as a result of the Kyoto Treaty and efforts like those of Gore. It seems unthinkable that the debate over the validity of the science of global warming still exists when there is evidence of its existence and of humanityÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s effect on it. I feared at first when reading JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ introduction that he was going to be one of the people who claim that the climate shift is part of a semi-predictable pattern of geological history as so many naysayers are wont to do. However, I was pleasantly surprised to find that his analysis acknowledges that it is happening at an accelerated rate because of the impact of humanity and his statements in support of the idea that humanity can thus also mitigate its impact on the globe and on the species. More importantly perhaps is that some of JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ suggestions can be applied to mitigating the effects of global climate even if the climate change is a completely natural cycle unaffected by the pollutants added to the atmosphere by humanity. Efforts to prevent soil erosion and to minimize building in floodplains make simple sense. Anyone who simply accepts the fact of changing weather patterns can easily see the logic in these efforts regardless of whether they have any desire to reduce their carbon footprint. Using technological advances to help prevent soil loss during flood events and to insist that populations take climate change into consideration are of value regardless of the causes of global warming. Furthermore, JonesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ explanation regarding the geological history of interglacial periods can be viewed as reassuring to even those who are convinced of the human factor in global warming. At some times, the earth has undergone rapid ecological change in the past and the biosphere has not been destroyed. Therefore, his conclusions that global warming is neither something to be ignored nor the world ending event that it has been portrayed as is a very lucid approach. Too many zealots follow the anti-global warming crusades with a fervor that is as unhealthy as ignoring the issue could be. Simple changes in everyone can help prevent the need to massively adjust our lifestyles by mid-century. Efforts must be made to preserve the coastlines as much as possible and to prevent soil erosion when flooding occurs. Simple efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should be attempted as well and people should adjust to the ideas of different crop patterns and therefore a different distribution of food resources. We should also prepare for an influx of immigrants from nations where receding coasts will leave populations with no place to live and we should take international action to address issues like the sub-Saharan drought in Africa, encouraging the sharing of natural resources like water among neighbor states. With these efforts now and an eye toward the issues that global warming will create in the relatively near future, we can prevent climate change from becoming an extinction event. If we ignore it, the strife brought on by it will likely be the end of humanity. Works Cited Jones, David K. C. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Global Warming and GeomorphologyÃ¢â‚¬ , The Geographical Journal, Vol. 159, No. 2, July 1993, pp. 124-130.

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Sigmund Freud - The Father of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud is best known as the creator of the therapeutic technique known as psychoanalysis. The Austrian-born psychiatrist greatly contributed to the understanding of human psychology in areas such as the unconscious mind, sexuality, and dream interpretation.Ã‚ Freud was also among the first to recognize the significance of emotional events that occur in childhood. Although many of his theories have since fallen out of favor, Freud profoundly influenced psychiatric practice in the twentieth century. Dates: May 6, 1856 -- September 23, 1939 Also Known As: Sigismund Schlomo Freud (born as); Father of Psychoanalysis Famous Quote: The ego is not master in its own house. Childhood in Austria-Hungary Sigismund Freud (later know as Sigmund) was born on May 6, 1856, in the town of Frieberg in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Czech Republic). He was the first child of Jacob and Amalia Freud and would be followed by two brothers and four sisters. It was the second marriage for Jacob, who had two adult sons from a previous wife. Jacob set up business as a wool merchant but struggled to earn enough money to take care of his growing family. Jacob and Amalia raised their family as culturally Jewish, but were not especially religious in practice. The family moved to Vienna in 1859, taking up residence in the only place they could afford -- the Leopoldstadt slum. Jacob and Amalia, however, had reason to hope for a better future for their children. Reforms enacted by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1849 had officially abolished discrimination against Jews, lifting restrictions previously placed upon them. Although anti-Semitism still existed, Jews were, by law, free to enjoy the privileges of full citizenship, such as opening a business, entering a profession, and owning real estate. Unfortunately, Jacob was not a successful businessman and the Freuds were forced to live in a shabby, one-room apartment for several years. Young Freud began school at the age of nine and quickly rose to the head of the class. He became a voracious reader and mastered several languages. Freud began to record his dreams in a notebook as an adolescent, displaying a fascination for what would later become a key element of his theories. Following graduation from high school, Freud enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873 to study zoology. Between his coursework and lab research, he would remain at the university for nine years. Attending University and Finding Love As his mothers undisputed favorite, Freud enjoyed privileges that his siblings did not. He was given his own room at home (they now lived in a larger apartment), while the others shared bedrooms. The younger children had to maintain quiet in the house so that Sigi (as his mother called him) could concentrate on his studies. Freud changed his first name to Sigmund in 1878. Early in his college years, Freud decided to pursue medicine, although he didnt envision himself caring for patients in a traditional sense. He was fascinated by bacteriology, the new branch of science whose focus was the study of organisms and the diseases they caused. Freud became a lab assistant to one of his professors, performing research on the nervous systems of lower animals such as fish and eels. After completing his medical degree in 1881, Freud began a three-year internship at a Vienna hospital, while continuing to work at the university on research projects. While Freud gained satisfaction from his painstaking work with the microscope, he realized that there was little money in research. He knew he must find a well-paying job and soon found himself more motivated than ever to do so. In 1882, Freud met Martha Bernays, a friend of his sister. The two were immediately attracted to one another and became engaged within months of meeting. The engagement lasted four years, as Freud (still living in his parents home) worked to make enough money to be able to marry and support Martha. Freud the Researcher Intrigued by the theories on brain function that were emerging during the late 19th century, Freud opted to specialize in neurology. Many neurologists of that era sought to find an anatomical cause for mental illness within the brain. Freud also sought that proof in his research, which involved the dissection and study of brains. He became knowledgeable enough to give lectures on brain anatomy to other physicians. Freud eventually found a position at a private childrens hospital in Vienna. In addition to studying childhood diseases, he developed a special interest in patients with mental and emotional disorders. Freud was disturbed by the current methods used to treat the mentally ill, such as long-term incarceration, hydrotherapy (spraying patients with a hose), and the dangerous (and poorly-understood) application of electric shock. He aspired to find a better, more humane method. One of Freuds early experiments did little to help his professional reputation. In 1884, Freud published a paper detailing his experimentation with cocaine as a remedy for mental and physical ailments. He sang the praises of the drug, which he administered to himself as a cure for headaches and anxiety. Freud shelved the study after numerous cases of addiction were reported by those using the drug medicinally. Hysteria and Hypnosis In 1885, Freud traveled to Paris, having received a grant to study with pioneering neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. The French physician had recently resurrected the use of hypnosis, made popular a century earlier by Dr. Franz Mesmer. Charcot specialized in the treatment of patients with hysteria, the catch-all name for an ailment with various symptoms, ranging from depression to seizures and paralysis, which mainly affected women. Charcot believed that most cases of hysteria originated in the patients mind and should be treated as such. He held public demonstrations, during which he would hypnotize patients (placing them into a trance) and induce their symptoms, one at a time, then remove them by suggestion. Although some observers (especially those in the medical community) viewed it with suspicion, hypnosis did seem to work on some patients. Freud was greatly influenced by Charcots method, which illustrated the powerful role that words could play in the treatment of mental illness. He also came to adopt the belief that some physical ailments might originate in the mind, rather than in the body alone. Private Practice and Anna O Returning to Vienna in February 1886, Freud opened a private practice as a specialist in the treatment of nervous diseases. As his practice grew, he finally earned enough money to marry Martha Bernays in September 1886. The couple moved into an apartment in a middle-class neighborhood in the heart of Vienna. Their first child, Mathilde, was born in 1887, followed by three sons and two daughters over the next eight years. Freud began to receive referrals from other physicians to treat their most challenging patients -- hysterics who did not improve with treatment. Freud used hypnosis with these patients and encouraged them to talk about past events in their lives. He dutifully wrote down all that he learned from them -- traumatic memories, as well as their dreams and fantasies. One of Freuds most important mentors during this time was Viennese physician Josef Breuer. Through Breuer, Freud learned about a patient whose case had an enormous influence upon Freud and the development of his theories. Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) was the pseudonym of one of Breuers hysteria patients who had proved especially difficult to treat. She suffered from numerous physical complaints, including arm paralysis, dizziness, and temporary deafness. Breuer treated Anna by using what the patient herself called the talking cure. She and Breuer were able to trace a particular symptom back to an actual event in her life that might have triggered it. In talking about the experience, Anna found that she felt a sense of relief, leading to a diminishment -- or even the disappearance of -- a symptom. Thus, Anna O became the first patient to have undergone psychoanalysis, a term coined by Freud himself. The Unconscious Inspired by the case of Anna O, Freud incorporated the talking cure into his own practice. Before long, he did away with the hypnosis aspect, focusing instead upon listening to his patients and asking them questions. Later, he asked fewer questions, allowing his patients to talk about whatever came to mind, a method known as free association. As always, Freud kept meticulous notes on everything his patients said, referring to such documentation as a case study. He considered this his scientific data. As Freud gained experience as a psychoanalyst, he developed a concept of the human mind as an iceberg, noting that a major portion of the mind -- the part that lacked awareness -- existed under the surface of the water. He referred to this as the Ã¢â‚¬Å"unconscious.Ã¢â‚¬ Other early psychologists of the day held a similar belief, but Freud was the first to attempt to systematically study the unconscious in a scientific way. Freuds theory -- that humans are not aware of all of their own thoughts, and might often act upon unconscious motives -- was considered a radical one in its time. His ideas were not well-received by other physicians because he could not unequivocally prove them. In an effort to explain his theories, Freud co-authored Studies in Hysteria with Breuer in 1895. The book did not sell well, but Freud was undeterred. He was certain that he had uncovered a great secret about the human mind. (Many people now commonly use the term Freudian slip to refer to a verbal mistake that potentially reveals an unconscious thought or belief.) The Analysts Couch Freud conducted his hour-long psychoanalytic sessions in a separate apartment located in his familys apartment building at Berggasse 19 (now a museum). It was his office for nearly half a century. The cluttered room was filled with books, paintings, and small sculptures. At its center was a horsehair sofa, upon which Freuds patients reclined while they talked to the doctor, who sat in a chair, out of view. (Freud believed that his patients would speak more freely if they were not looking directly at him.) He maintained a neutrality, never passing judgment or offering suggestions. The main goal of therapy, Freud believed, was to bring the patients repressed thoughts and memories to a conscious level, where they could be acknowledged and addressed. For many of his patients, the treatment was a success; thus inspiring them to refer their friends to Freud. As his reputation grew by word of mouth, Freud was able to charge more for his sessions. He worked up to 16 hours a day as his list of clientele expanded. Self-Analysis and the Oedipus Complex After the 1896 death of his 80-year-old father, Freud felt compelled to learn more about his own psyche. He decided to psychoanalyze himself, setting aside a portion of each day to examine his own memories and dreams, beginning with his early childhood. During these sessions, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex (named for the Greek tragedy), in which he proposed that all young boys are attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. As a normal child matured, he would grow away from his mother. Freud described a similar scenario for fathers and daughters, calling it the Electra complex (also from Greek mythology). Freud also came up with the controversial concept of penis envy, in which he touted the male gender as the ideal. He believed that every girl harbored a deep wish to be a male. Only when a girl renounced her wish to be a male (and her attraction to her father) could she identify with the female gender. Many subsequent psychoanalysts rejected that notion. The Interpretation of Dreams Freuds fascination with dreams was also stimulated during his self-analysis. Convinced that dreams shed light upon unconscious feelings and desires, Freud began an analysis of his own dreams and those of his family and patients. He determined that dreams were an expression of repressed wishes and thus could be analyzed in terms of their symbolism. Freud published the groundbreaking study The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. Although he received some favorable reviews, Freud was disappointed by sluggish sales and the overall tepid response to the book. However, as Freud became better known, several more editions had to be printed to keep up with popular demand. Freud soon gained a small following of students of psychology, which included Carl Jung, among others who later became prominent. The group of men met weekly for discussions at Freuds apartment. As they grew in number and influence, the men came to call themselves the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The Society held the first international psychoanalytic conference in 1908. Over the years, Freud, who had a tendency to be unyielding and combative, eventually broke off communication with nearly all of the men. Freud and Jung Freud maintained a close relationship with Carl Jung, a Swiss psychologist who embraced many of Freuds theories. When Freud was invited to speak at Clark University in Massachusetts in 1909, he asked Jung to accompany him. Unfortunately, their relationship suffered from the stresses of the trip. Freud did not acclimate well to being in an unfamiliar environment and became moody and difficult. Nonetheless, Freuds speech at Clark was quite successful. He impressed several prominent American physicians, convincing them of the merits of psychoanalysis. Freuds thorough, well-written case studies, with compelling titles such as The Rat Boy, also received praise. Freuds fame grew exponentially following his trip to the United States. At 53, he felt that his work was finally receiving the attention it deserved. Freuds methods, once considered highly unconventional, were now deemed accepted practice. Carl Jung, however, increasingly questioned Freuds ideas. Jung didnt agree that all mental illness originated in childhood trauma, nor did he believe that a mother was an object of her sons desire. Yet Freud resisted any suggestion that he might be wrong. By 1913, Jung and Freud had severed all ties with one another. Jung developed his own theories and became a highly influential psychologist in his own right. Id, Ego, and Superego Following the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, thus drawing several other nations into the conflict which became World War I. Although the war had effectively put an end to the further development of psychoanalytic theory, Freud managed to stay busy and productive. He revised his previous concept of the structure of the human mind. Freud now proposed that the mind comprised three parts: the Id (the unconscious, impulsive portion that deals with urges and instinct), the Ego (the practical and rational decision-maker), and the Superego (an internal voice that determined right from wrong, a conscience of sorts).Ã‚ During the war, Freud actually used this three-part theory to examine entire countries. At the end of World War I, Freuds psychoanalytic theory unexpectedly gained a wider following. Many veterans returned from battle with emotional problems. Initially termed shell shock, the condition resulted from psychological trauma experienced on the battlefield. Desperate to help these men, doctors employed Freuds talk therapy, encouraging the soldiers to describe their experiences. The therapy seemed to help in many instances, creating a renewed respect for Sigmund Freud. Later Years By the 1920s, Freud had become internationally known as an influential scholar and practitioner. He was proud of his youngest daughter, Anna, his greatest disciple, who distinguished herself as the founder of child psychoanalysis. In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with oral cancer, the consequence of decades of smoking cigars. He endured more than 30 surgeries, including the removal of part of his jaw. Although he suffered a great deal of pain, Freud refused to take painkillers, fearing that they might cloud his thinking. He continued to write, focusing more on his own philosophies and musings rather than the topic of psychology. As Adolf Hitler gained control throughout Europe in the mid-1930s, those Jews who were able to get out began to leave. Freuds friends tried to convince him to leave Vienna, but he resisted even when the Nazis occupied Austria. When the Gestapo briefly took Anna into custody, Freud finally realized it was no longer safe to stay. He was able to obtain exit visas for himself and his immediate family, and they fled to London in 1938. Sadly, four of Freuds sisters died in Nazi concentration camps. Freud lived only a year and a half after moving to London. As cancer advanced into his face, Freud could no longer tolerate the pain. With the help of a physician friend, Freud was given an intentional overdose of morphine and died on September 23, 1939 at the age of 83.